Global Foundations of Occupational Science Course Glossary

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Occupational Science Concepts Essential to Occupation-Based Practice

• Backman, C. L., Christiansen, C. H., Hooper, B. R., Pierce, D., & Price, M. P. (2021). Occupational science concepts essential to occupation-based practice: Development of expert consensus. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75, 7506205120. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2021.049090

Occupation and Wellness, Health, and Well-being:

• "Understanding the mutual relationship of engaging in occupation and health and well-being, and the impact of health, well-being and external factors on engaging in occupation. Produces (or fails to produce) joy, satisfaction, accomplishment." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Social, Cultural, and Institutional Context of Occupation:

• "Broad societal structures and discourses (tacit and overt values in families, communities, institutions) that influence how and when things are done, lifestyles, and how occupations are experienced. Situations are facilitators or barriers for occupation and in turn, influence health, well-being, potential, growth and development. As a transaction between self and situation, occupation is always social, even when performed solo, and affects one’s sense of sense of community, cultural, historical, or global belonging." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupation as Core to Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy:

• "Historical and current conceptions, categorizations, and classifications of occupation as core to the science of everyday life as used in both the discipline of occupational science and the profession of occupational therapy. The importance of understanding form, function, meaning and importance of Consensus Occupational Science Concepts 15 occupation, and its complexities. Awareness of humans as dynamic, intelligent, creating, living, open, and adaptive systems in sustained interaction with their surroundings. Central to occupation-based practice: substantive enough understanding and application of occupation as a therapeutic means and end at individual and population levels." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupational Justice:

• "The human right to access and participate in meaningful occupation that supports well-being and participation in one’s community. Sociopolitical dynamics that provide and deny the human right to engage in meaningful occupation. Consequences of denying/limiting this right results in occupational deprivation/alienation, (otherwise labeled disenfranchisement, disempowerment, disruption, non-sanctioned), and negative impacts, such as despair and hopelessness." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupational Meaning:

• "The value and significance of occupations, as experienced and interpreted by an individual as an occupational being. Includes the contribution of those meanings to development, identity, agency, and transformation." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupation and Identity:

• "Through what we do, we construct, maintain, and express personal and collective identities. Individual and collective identities contribute to our sense of being, belonging, and becoming." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Experience of Doing Occupation:

• "What people do in their daily lives, how they do it, and their reasons for doing it (such as the blend of pleasure, productivity, or restoration; beliefs and motivations, creativity; and adaptation). Focuses on the subjective, embodied, and phenomenological experience of doing and is influenced by capacities for doing. Also described as occupational engagement, participation, performance, or behavior." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Habits, Routines, Patterns:

• "Relatively automatic, repeating patterns that influence how occupations are configured and executed in time; influenced by circadian rhythms and cultural-level rituals; habits and routines influence health; disruption and construction of routine as intervention." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Temporal Nature of Occupation:

• "Occupations occur within the stream of time and are characterized by pace, rhythm, and tempo, and are shaped by chronology and biology. Occupation occurs in temporal patterns, including daily, weekly, and annual. These patterns can be experienced as balanced, overloaded, or empty. Occupation changes over time and links past, present, and future." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupational Balance/Imbalance:

• "Participation across varied types and amounts of occupation and how that pattern is, or is not, perceived as meeting needs, being congruent with values, and influencing satisfaction, health, and well-being. Has potential as an intervention focus." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Spatial Context of Occupation:

• "Locational and experiential sense of space & place as shaped by occupation, from body and immediate personal space to distant real or potential places. Includes human technology and objects, adaptation of spaces, objects necessary for doing occupation, ecology, and health and environment. Spaces can be physical, virtual, attitudinal, and/or metaphorical." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupational Choice & Agency:

• "Intentionality and capacity to choose occupations in the presence of internal and external influences and constraints. Occupational choice can involve taking risk, locus of control, seeking meaning, and/or decision making. Occupational choice expresses and strengthens agency." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Transactionalism in Occupational Science:

• "Understanding occupation as a complex, dynamic interplay among people and their environments and communities. Serves as a basis for an occupational perspective of social transformation, sustainability and social good." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupational Change: 

• "Occupation itself changes, and occupation changes people and communities, through development, learning, competence and skills. Occupation continually evolves through expected life transitions (such as graduation or birth of a child) and the impacts of unexpected events (such as loss or injury). People, communities, and occupational patterns change through choosing and doing particular occupations within shifting micro to macro conditions. Occupation can support and enhance change through development, learning, competence, and skill." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Occupational Opportunity/Potential/ Possibilities:

• "A deeper understanding of occupation as a vehicle for change and development of human potential that is restricted or supported by the constructed nature of social reality, including governmentality, resources, place." (Backman et. al, 2021)

Definition References:

Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process Fourth Edition

• • American Occupational Therapy Association. (2020). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (4th ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(Suppl. 2), 7412410010. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001

Oxford Dictionary of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy

• • Molineux, M. (2017). A dictionary of occupational science and occupational therapy (Oxford Quick Reference). OUP Oxford.

Willard and Spackman 2019 Glossary 

• • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Ableism

• “discrimination or prejudice against individuals with disabilities.” 
  • Ableism. (n.d.). In The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abelism

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Activities that are oriented toward taking care of one’s own body (adapted from Rogers & Holm, 1994) and are completed on a daily basis. These activities are “fundamental to living in a social world; they enable basic survival and well-being” (Christiansen & Hammecker, 2001, p. 156; see Table 2)” (AOTA, 2020, p. 74)

1. • Christiansen, C. H., & Hammecker, C. L. (2001). Self care. In B. R. Bonder & M. B. Wagner (Eds.), Functional performance in older adults (pp. 155–175). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
   • Rogers, J. C., & Holm, M. B. (1994). Assessment of self-care. In B. R. Bonder & M. B. Wagner (Eds.), Functional performance in older adults (pp. 181–202). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Activity demands

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Aspects of an activity needed to carry it out, including relevance and importance to the client, objects used and their properties, space demands, social demands, sequencing and timing, required actions and performance skills, and required underlying body functions and body structures” (AOTA, 2020, p. 74)

Adapt

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves making changes to an occupation or environment in order to facilitate occupational performance and occupational engagement. Adaptation is used when it is unlikely that the client will be able to improve their capacities and abilities and so will not be able to engage in the occupation previously held. Compare grading.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Adaptation

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Effective and efficient response by the client to occupational and contextual demands” (AOTA, 2020, p. 74)
  • Grajo, L. (2019). Theory of occupational adaptation. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed., pp. 633–642). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A change in response approach generated when encountering a challenge. It also refers to therapeutic intervention in which task demands are changed to be consistent with the individual's ability level; may involve modification by reducing demands, use of assistive devices, or change in the physical or social environment.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1191)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Adaptive Occupation

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Using adapted methods such as adaptive equipment or assistive technology or modifications of the environment or task demands to support performance.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1192)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Adaptive Response (adaptiveness)

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A successful environmental interaction in which the individual meets the demands of the task demand; requires adequate sensory integration.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1191)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Advocacy (advocating, advocating mode)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Efforts directed toward promoting occupational justice and empowering clients to seek and obtain resources to fully participate in their daily life occupations. Efforts undertaken by the practitioner are considered advocacy, and those undertaken by the client are considered self-advocacy and can be promoted and supported by the practitioner” (AOTA, 2020, p. 74)
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The act or process of supporting a cause or proposal such as public policy or resource allocation within political, economic, and social systems and institutions to directly affect people's lives. In occupational therapy, it often refers to actions to advance a profession and or assure that the client's rights and resources are secured.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1191)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Advocate

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves speaking with or on behalf of others in order to bring about changes in power sharing, policy, or practice, or to raise awareness.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Applied Science

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A form of science which is concerned with the application of existing knowledge to solve problems or address difficulties. The purpose of applied science is the practical application of knowledge generated by basic sciences. At the start of the history of occupational science it was proposed as a basic science in contrast to occupational therapy, which was seen as an applied science.” (Molineux, 2017)

Arts and Crafts Movement

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A movement originating in England that champion design and manual craftsmanship as a form of cultural resistance to the mechanization and impersonal production of industrialism.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1191)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A nineteenth-century social movement founded by William Morris in reaction to what he, and others, saw as the problems of industrialization. A key aspect of the movement was to return to a simpler way of life and one in which creativity and beauty were important, in direct reaction to the mechanized and routinized lifestyle that emerged with large factories and production lines. Moreover, it was believed that creativity, expressed through arts and crafts, could positively influence health. It has been suggested that the Arts and Crafts Movement along with the Moral Treatment Movement laid the foundation for the development of occupational therapy.” (Molineux, 2017)

Assumptions

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, and habits that are taken for granted as true or correct; often from the foundation of a Viewpoint or actions; may include ideas that cannot be demonstrated to be true or false.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1192)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Becoming

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The process in which humans constantly engage in order to become all that they can be and want to be, achieved through occupation. One of the trilogy of outcomes/purposes of occupational engagement proposed by Ann Wilcock; doing, being, and becoming. See also belonging.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Wilcock, A. (1998). Reflections on doing, being and becoming. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(5), 248–56.

Being

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The state or process in which humans discover themselves, their goals, and priorities that makes them unique. Although it may have no outward signs of occupational engagement, as it is an active process, it is occupational. One of the trilogy of outcomes/purposes of occupational engagement proposed by Ann Wilcock; doing, being, and becoming. See also belonging.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Wilcock, A. (1998). Reflections on doing, being and becoming. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(5), 248–56.

Belonging

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The sense of being part of a group, connected to others, that humans require and strive for in order to achieve and maintain health. Initially it was not one of the trilogy of outcomes/purposes of occupational engagement proposed by Ann Wilcock; doing, being, and becoming, but was added later.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Wilcock, A. and Hocking, C. (2015). An Occupational Perspective of Health (third ed.). Thorofare: Slack.

Basic Science

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A form of science which is concerned with discovering or creating new knowledge in an attempt to understand phenomena, e.g. chemistry and physics. The purpose of basic science is seen by some as to generate knowledge with no concern for its practical application, in contrast to applied science. At the start of the history of occupational science it was proposed as a basic science in support of occupational therapy, an applied science.” (Molineux, 2017)

Belief

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)
  
  • Belief. (2020). In Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/belief

Biomechanical Approach

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Therapeutic intervention focused on improving body movement and strength; typically identified with remediation or improvements and strength, range of motion, or endurance.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1193)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to occupational therapy that focuses on the movement and the factors facilitating and inhibiting movement such as joint integrity, muscle strength, and range of motion. It has its roots in the Mechanistic Paradigm and so while a useful adjunct to occupation-based practice, sole use of this approach may not be consistent with the Contemporary Paradigm.” (Molineux, 2017)

Biomedical Approach

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Model based on scientific knowledge that attributes health and illness to physiological, biological and scientifically explainable changes in one's body.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1193)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A model of health and illness that centralizes body structure and function and disease. The beliefs which underpin a biomedical view of health include: all illness is due to a disease which causes the body to function abnormally; disease causes the person to experience symptoms; health can only be experienced in the absence of disease; the person, usually labelled a patient, is generally seen as a victim and looked upon with sympathy and pity; the person with a disease is uninformed about health issues and so is a passive recipient of health care services. While this approach is effective in addressing acute and medium-term health crises, although even then the person with the disease is disempowered, it is ineffective in dealing with people who experience chronic or long-term health conditions or conditions not directly the result of a disease.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Wade, D. and Halligan, P. (2004). Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems? British Medical Journal, 329(7479), 1398–401.

Biopsychosocial Model

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A model of health that recognizes the impact of biological, psychological, and social factors on individuals. It was proposed in 1977 as an attempt to address the weaknesses of the biomedical model when working with people with psychological or chronic conditions. In acknowledging these three elements the model proposed that all three were related and impacted on each other, and that health care providers need to consider all three when planning intervention. Although more congruent with occupational therapy, it is not an occupational model and so should not be used in place of an occupational perspective of humans and health.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Engel, G. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–36.

Boundary Crossing

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Ways in which people who come from different lived worlds and have different life experiences find commonalities in areas of mutual interest, Bridge differences, negotiate multiple and diverse perspectives, develop understandings, and respect multiple and at times Divergent perspectives.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1193)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Body functions

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions)” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)
  • World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: Author

Body Routines

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Sets of coordinated, habitual body actions to staining a specific task or am, for example driving, cooking, or lawn mower mowing; see also body-subject and time-space routines.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1193) 
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Body structures

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Anatomical parts of the body, such as organs, limbs, and their components” that support body functions” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)
  • World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: Author

Body-Subject

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The pre-reflexive but intelligent awareness of the body manifested through habitual action  typically in sync with the environment in which the action unfolds;  plays a major role in the habitual, routine aspects of the life-world; see also body routines and time-space routines.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1193)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Bottom-up Approach

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to occupational therapy which focuses on the occupational performance components. Assessment and treatment are therefore aimed at issues such as strength, range of motion, and concentration with the assumption that once deficits are identified they can be addressed in treatment and this will help to enhance occupational performance and occupational engagement. An exclusive focus on underlying capacities and abilities, without explicit concern for occupational performance and occupational engagement, would not be consistent with the Contemporary Paradigm and occupation-based practice. Nonetheless, it is important for occupational therapists to understand the causes of occupational issues, and so there is a place for assessment focused on occupational performance components. Compare top-down approach See also occupational therapy diagnosis” (Molineux, 2017)

Capacities

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Refers to a person's potential for occupation and includes aspects of human anatomy (e.g., bipedal locomotion, oppositional thumbs, binocular vision), Cognitive functions (e.g., consciousness, attention), and the abilities developed through maturational processes (e.g., Strength, coordination, language, problem-solving). Capacities are age and gender-specific; may not yet be developed; and are shaped by a person's genetic heritage, aptitudes, traits, context, and occupational history.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1193)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Case Study

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Detailed review of a particular client, group, condition, or situation which includes a thorough description of what happened, discussion of relevant theory and research evidence, critical reflection on what occurred, and key learning points for the future.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Hammell, K. R. (2013). Client-centred practice in occupational therapy: critical reflections. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(3), 174–81.

Client

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Person (including one involved in the care of a client), group (collection of individuals having shared characteristics or common or shared purpose, e.g., family members, workers, students, and those with similar interests or occupational challenges), or population (aggregate of people with common attributes such as contexts, characteristics, or concerns, including health risks;” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)
  • Scaffa, M. E., & Reitz, S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Occupational therapy in community-based practice settings (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Client-centered care (client-centered practice)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Approach to service that incorporates respect for and partnership with clients as active participants in the therapy process. This approach emphasizes clients’ knowledge and experience, strengths, capacity for choice, and overall autonomy” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: 

• “An approach to working with people that seeks to partner with them, share power, and ensure that the goals and desires of that person (or whatever grouping of people is the client) are the focus of intervention. To practise in a client-centred way is to enable a client to contribute to all stages of the occupational therapy process. It has its roots in the approach to psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers, that was initially termed client-centred but later changed to person-centred. Although present in occupational therapy for many decades, it came to prominence in the 1980s due to the work of the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists in developing national practice guidelines. It is now seen as integral to occupational therapy practice, although the complexity and challenges of practising in a truly client-centred way are often misunderstood. A more contemporary critique of the concept of client-centred practice in occupational therapy highlights that the profession over-simplifies the intent and conduct of client-centred practice.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Hammell, K. R. (2013). Client-centred practice in occupational therapy: critical reflections. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(3), 174–81.

Client factors

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Specific capacities, characteristics, or beliefs that reside within the person and that influence performance in occupations. Client factors include values, beliefs, and spirituality; body functions; and body structures” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)

Coach

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists akin to sports or life coaching where the occupational therapist collaborates with a person to enable them to identify occupational goals, understand the link between occupation and health, and take increasing responsibility for enhancing their occupational engagement and performance. Coaching requires the occupational therapist to engage in discussions with and orchestrate occupational experiences for the client.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Collaborate

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The most central of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves recognizing the client as a partner in the therapeutic relationship, sharing power with the client, and thereby working with the client rather than doing to the client.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Collaboration

• AOTA OTPF4:  “The complex interpretative acts in which the practitioners must understand the meanings of the interventions, the meanings of illness or disability in a person and family’s life, and the feelings that accompany these experiences” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)
  • Lawlor, M. C., & Mattingly, C. (2019). Family perspectives on occupation, health, and disability. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed., pp. 196–211). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The complex interpretative acts which the practitioner must understand the meanings of interventions, the meanings of illness or disability and a person and family's life, and the feelings that accompany these experiences.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1193)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Collectivist Societies

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Those that put more value on the family structure than the individual. Interdependence is valued, and decisions are made by the group or family who consider what is good for the entire group before focusing on the individual.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1194)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Colonialism

• Marriam-Webster Dictionary: “domination of a people or area by a foreign state or nation : the practice of extending and maintaining a nation's political and economic control over another people or area NOTE: While the word colonialism is sometimes considered to encompass non-state forms of influence and domination, as by corporate or religious entities, in general use it is more typically understood as an extension of state power.” 
  • colonialism. (n.d.). In The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colonialism

Community(ies)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Collection of populations that is changeable and diverse and includes various people, groups, networks, and organizations” (AOTA, 2020, p. 75)
  • Scaffa, M. (2019). Occupational therapy interventions for groups, communities, and populations. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed., pp. 436–447). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
  • World Federation of Occupational Therapists. (2019). Occupational therapy and community-centred practice [Position statement]. Retrieved from https://www. wfot.org/resources/occupational-therapy-and-community-centred-practice 
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Collective(s) of people who share common values and demonstrate mutual concern for the development and well-being of the group; may share interests, interactions, and sense of identity.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1194)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “1. A collective of people who share some attributes. This may be as simple as living in the same geographic area, or as complex as holding similar values and beliefs. 2. A generic term used to describe the world outside a particular practice setting. Used in this way it includes people but also the non-human features such as resources and facilities.” (Molineux, 2017)

Community Engagement

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The planned process of working with a specific community or groups within a community, rather than focusing on individuals, in order to identify and address issues affecting the community.” (Molineux, 2017)

Community Level

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Social networks, Norms, Trends, and standards that facilitate or constrain desired occupational performance and/or participation and Impact health.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1194)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Community Participation

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Participation refers to active participation of individuals who both benefit and contribute to the community through their actions, ideas, knowledge, or skills. And so, Community participation is about relating to others, to be in some sort of relationship with them.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1194)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Conceptual Practice Model

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A specific category of model that forms part of professional knowledge. Conceptual practice models provide a guide for practice by organizing theory and research evidence, and providing tools (e.g. assessments, intervention methods) for therapists. Importantly, conceptual practice models use and also generate theory and evidence. Examples of conceptual practice models include: biomechanical model, Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement, Model of Human Occupation, sensory integration model, cognitive model.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Kielhofner, G. (2009). Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice (fourth ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Context

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Construct that constitutes the complete makeup of a person’s life as well as the common and divergent factors that characterize groups and populations. Context includes environmental factors and personal factors” (AOTA, 2020, p. 76)
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Factors that transact with the performance of occupations including personal, physical, cultural, social, spiritual, temporal, and virtual enviroments”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1195)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A situation within which occupational performance and occupational engagement occurs, which is usually external to the individual. Occupations occur within a range of contexts simultaneously and these are labelled differently by different authors and models and may include physical, human, non-human, natural, social, institutional, geographic, organizational, economic, attitudinal, legislative, cultural, political, temporal, virtual, and occupational history. Contexts can support or inhibit occupational performance and occupational engagement, primarily by influencing the person-environment-occupation fit. Just as contexts shape occupations so too are they shaped by occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Context-Focused Therapy

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Occupational Therapy in which the environment and environmentally situated occupations are modified as the mode of intervention”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1195)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Contextual influences

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Interrelated conditions within and surrounding people that influence their occupational performance and experience”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1195)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Contextualism

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A view in which the person and situation are seen as integrated and cannot be understood separately”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1195)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Contemporary Paradigm

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The third and current paradigm in the history of occupational therapy, as described by Gary Kielhofner, which has been influenced by both previous paradigms and the growing research and theoretical knowledge within the profession and occupational science. The key assumptions at the centre of the paradigm are that humans have an innate occupational nature, the difficulties and challenges humans face are conceptualized in occupational terms, and occupational therapy practice is occupation-based. Given the definition of a paradigm it is questionable whether occupational therapy is truly in the Contemporary Paradigm or if the new paradigm is still being formed..” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Kielhofner, G. (2009). Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice (fourth ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Co-occupation

• AOTA OTPF4:  “An occupation in which two or more people engage together, although there may be individual differences in the way in which the occupation is active, purposeful, meaningful, contextualized, and impacting on health.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 76)
  • Pickens, N., & Pizur-Barnekow, K. (2009). Co-occupation: Extending the dialogue. Journal of Occupational Science, 16, 151–156. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14427591.2009.9686656
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves bringing together and organizing information, people, or resources to achieve the desired outcome” (Molineux, 2017)

Coordinate

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves bringing together and organizing information, people, or resources to achieve the desired outcome” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Creativity

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The creation of something new, valuable, or useful which may be tangible or intangible. While the term is often used in relation to arts and crafts, there is a recognition that creativity is not linked exclusively to a specific category of occupation and so everyday occupations that are neither arts nor crafts may also involve an element of creativity. For example, cooking a meal involves the use of different ingredients and processes to create something, a meal, which is tangible, valuable, and useful.” (Molineux, 2017)

Culturally Responsive Care

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “An approach that communicates a state of being open to the process of building mutuality with a client and to accepting that the cultural specific knowledge one has about a group may or may not apply to the client they are currently treating.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1196)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Culture

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The sum total of a way of living, including values, beliefs, standards, linguistic expression, patterns of thinking, behavioral norms, and styles of communication that influence the behavior(s) of a group of people [and] is transmitted from generation to generation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1196)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The system of meanings and expectations shared within a group of people: family, organization, sporting club, or country. It is passed on between generations and evolves over time. It provides a means by which groups organize themselves, give meaning to experiences, and create beliefs about the world and each other. Culture includes objective aspects such as clothing, architecture, and food, as well as subjective aspects such as values, beliefs, and norms. It is one of several contexts within which humans exist and therefore culture influences and is influenced by occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Decolonization and Decolonization of Knowledge

• • https://globalsolidaritylocalaction.sites.haverford.edu/what-is-decolonization-why-is-it-important/ 
• “Decolonization is work that belongs to all of us, everywhere. It asks us to think about our relationship with Indigenous lands that colonizers have unjustly claimed, re-defined and repurposed all over the world. It asks us to embrace responsibility as opposed to accepting fault. Lastly, decolonization is a path forward to creating systems which are just and equitable, addressing inequality through education, dialogue, communication, and action...Decolonization is about “cultural, psychological, and economic freedom” for Indigenous people with the goal of achieving Indigenous sovereignty — the right and ability of Indigenous people to practice self-determination over their land, cultures, and political and economic systems. Colonialism is a historical and ongoing global project where settlers continue to occupy land, dictate social, political, and economic systems, and exploit Indigenous people and their resources. It is a global endeavor. For the purposes of clarity, this series will focus primarily on decolonization in the context of North America and Canada, although the movement to decolonize expands far beyond these national (settler-imposed) borders.”
• Interdependence: Global Solidarity and Local Actions. (n.d.). What Is Decolonization? Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://globalsolidaritylocalaction.sites.haverford.edu/what-is-decolonization-why-is-it-important/+
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge 
• “Decolonization of knowledge inquires into the historical mechanisms of knowledge production and its colonial and ethnocentric foundations. It has been argued that knowledge and the standards that determine the validity of knowledge have been disproportionately informed by Western system of thought and ways of thinking about the universe. According to the decolonial theory, the western knowledge system that emerged in Europe during renaissance and Enlightenment was deployed to legitimise Europe’s colonial endeavour, which eventually became a part of colonial rule and forms of civilization that the colonizers carried with them. It was believed that the knowledge produced by the Western system was superior to that produced by other systems since it had a universal quality. Decolonial scholars concur that the western system of knowledge still continues to determine as to what should be considered as scientific knowledge and continues to "exclude, marginalise and dehumanise" those with different systems of knowledge, expertise and worldviews”
  • Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Decolonization of knowledge+ - Wikipedia. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge+

Deinstitutionalization

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The process of releasing institutionalized individuals from an institution such as a state hospital.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1196)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Practice of relocating people who were long-term residents of health care institutions, such as hospitals for people with mental health difficulties or intellectual impairments, into the community. Many countries had policies of deinstitutionalization that saw the closure of large hospitals and movement of large numbers of people into residential care facilities in the community. A number of factors drove deinstitutionalization, including a movement to improve the care of people resident in large institutions, the development of drugs to better control some signs and symptoms of mental health conditions, and the cost to governments of maintaining large residential institutions.” (Molineux, 2017)

Design/Build

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of the ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves: 
  • 1. designing and/or building products such as assistive devices, 
  • 2. designing and/or building adaptations to the environment, or 
  • 3. designing intervention plans all aimed at maintaining or improving occupational engagement and performance.” (Molineux, 2017)
    • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Disability

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure, and activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action, whereas a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Disability is thus not a health problem. It is a complex phenomenon, relating to the interaction between features of a person's body and features of the society in which he or she lives.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1196)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Disability Rights Movement

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A worldwide, member-driven socio-political movement dedicated to the acquisition of full and equal opportunities for people with disabilities to enjoy full participation without discrimination in housing, Transportation, Leisure, education, and civic participation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1196)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Disaster

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A dangerous accidental or uncontrollable situation or event that causes significant environmental destruction, loss of life, and disruption of social structure in daily life routines.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1196)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Discrimination

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Denial of equal treatment to people because of their membership in some group that occurs at many levels including individual, institutional or organizational, or structural.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1196)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Doing

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A generic term for the continual active engagement of humans in occupations. One of the trilogy of outcomes/purposes of occupational engagement proposed by Ann Wilcock; doing, being, and becoming. See also belonging.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Wilcock, A. (1998). Reflections on doing, being and becoming. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(5), 248–56.

Educate

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves providing clients with information through a range of media appropriate to the audience, material, and purpose. The aim of providing information is improved occupational engagement and health.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.
  • McKenna, K. and Tooth, L. (Eds.). (2006). Client Education: A Partnership Approach for Health Practitioners. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

Embodied

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Used to reflect the view that the mind and body are not separate but rather one entity. In relation to occupational therapy, refers to the holistic nature of therapeutic actions as experienced by the therapist and the client.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1197)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Embodied Action

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A view of action in which thoughts, sociology, and emotions are considered part of the lived body as opposed to the dualistic view of the Mind as planning actions in the body carrying out actions.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1197)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Empowerment

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1197)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Structuring interaction and providing opportunities for clients to (a) obtain information about their situation, its causes, available strategies, and resources, and (b) become involved in managing their own life, including health condition and services, so that the person can take partial or total control of their affairs. Although an idea that is embedded in occupational therapy, it is contentious. Criticisms include questioning how and why people lose their right to autonomy, the power differential implicit in the idea of professionals enabling empowerment, and the assumption that every person wishes to take responsibility for their health.” (Molineux, 2017)

Enablement

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The process within occupational therapy in which the client and occupational therapist, working in collaboration, make possible occupational performance and occupational engagement. Enablement requires the occupational therapist to employ one or a number of enablement skills; adapt, advocate, coach, collaborate, consult, coordinate, design/build, educate, engage, specialize.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Engage

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves creating opportunities for clients and/or other key stakeholders to move beyond talk into action; to participate in, to become involved in, to commit to occupation.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Engagement in occupation

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Performance of occupations as the result of choice, motivation, and meaning within a supportive context.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 76)

Environment(s)

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Particular physical, social, cultural, economic, and political features within a person's everyday life that affect the motivation, organization, and performance.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Environmental Adaptation

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to enabling occupational performance and occupational engagement that focuses on adapting one environment or context, or multiple environments, in which an occupation occurs. Commonly used to refer to changes made to the physical environment, such as installation of grab rails or ramps, but also applicable to changes made to any of the other environments impacting on occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Environmental Assessment

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Assessment of the environments or contexts in which occupational performance and occupational engagement take place in order to identify barriers and enablers to inform intervention planning.” (Molineux, 2017)

Environmental Barrier

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A feature of an environment or context that inhibits occupational performance and/or occupational engagement. It is commonly used to refer to aspects of the physical environment, such as stairs or door thresholds, but is also applicable to aspects of the other environments impacting on occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Environmental Embodiment

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The various ways, both sensorially and movement wise, that the lived body engages and coordinates with the world at hand, especially its environmental aspects.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Environmental factors

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Aspects of the physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings in which people live and conduct their lives.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 76)

Environmental Modification

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Internal and external physical adaptations to environment that are necessary to maximize Independence and to ensure health and safety.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Environmental Press

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Ability of an environment or context to encourage or require a particular response from a person or group of people.” (Molineux, 2017)

Epistemology

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The theory of knowledge.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Ethical Problem

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Problem in which there are competing possible responses and which requires a morally defensible course of action.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Ethnicity

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A social grouping of people who share cultural or national similarities. The most common characteristics of an ethnic group include kinship, family rituals, food preferences, special clothing, in particular celebrations.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Ethnocentrism

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Tendency of people to put their own group (ethnos) at the center; to see things through the narrow lens of their own culture and use the standards of that culture to judge others.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Evaluation (Occupational)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “The comprehensive process of obtaining and interpreting the data necessary to understand the person, system, or situation. . . . Evaluation requires synthesis of all data obtained, analytic interpretation of that data, reflective clinical reasoning, and consideration of occupational performance and contextual factors” (AOTA, 2020, p. 76)
  • Hinojosa, J., & Kramer, P. (Eds.). (2014). Evaluation in occupational therapy (4th ed.). Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press.
  • Hinojosa, J., Kramer, P., & Crist, P. (2014). Evaluation: Where do we begin? In J. Hinojosa & P. Kramer (Eds.), Evaluation in occupational therapy: Obtaining and interpreting data (4th ed., pp. 1–18). Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press.
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Process of gathering and interpreting qualitative and/or quantitative data to understand client needs and desires, describe function, predict future function, plan intervention, or measure outcome of occupational therapy intervention; the process of obtaining and interpreting data necessary for intervention. This includes planning for and documenting the evaluation process and results.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Evidence

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Knowledge gained through a systematic appraisal of experience and of scientific studies.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1198)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Flow

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A psychological concept proposed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi describing human experiences characterized by total absorption in an activity or occupation, to the extent that the person loses track of time, and ignores other desires or requirements such as hunger or physical discomfort. It was first explored as an explanation of why some activities/occupations are intrinsically motivating, that is, that the experience of engaging in them is reward enough, regardless of the final outcome. It is proposed that this experience is possible when the challenge provided by the activity/occupation is well matched to the ability of the person. When these two aspects are mismatched the person may experience boredom (low challenge and high skill) or anxiety (high challenge and low skill), or other states depending on the relationship between levels of challenge and skill.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (Ed.). (2014). Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Dordrecht: Springer.

Form (of Occupation)

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The observable features of an occupation such as the sequence of actions in doing an occupation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1199)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Frame of Refrence

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A guide that incorporates beliefs, assumptions, concepts, and existing theory so that those elements can be applied in occupational therapy practice. It is similar in many ways to a conceptual practice model, except perhaps that a frame of reference does not generate knowledge.” (Molineux, 2017)

Function (of Occupation)

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “It is what an occupation achieves, such as volunteering for a local service might achieve integration into the community.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1199)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Functional Assessment

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Observation of behavior in a natural context or one that closely simulates the natural context in order to understand how environmental factors affect performance or specific behaviors.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1199)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Goal (Occupational Therapy)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Measurable and meaningful, occupation-based, long-term or short-term aim directly related to the client’s ability and need to engage in desired occupations” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)

Group (Occupational)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Collection of individuals having shared characteristics or a common or shared purpose (e.g., family members, workers, students, others with similar occupational interests or occupational challenges).” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)

Group intervention (Occupational)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Use of distinct knowledge and leadership techniques to facilitate learning and skill acquisition across the lifespan through the dynamics of group and social interaction. Groups may be used as a method of service delivery” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)

Habilitation

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Health care services that help a person keep, learn, or improve skills and functioning for daily living (e.g., therapy for a child who does not walk or talk at the expected age). These services may include physical and occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and other services for people with disabilities in a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)
  • Provision of EHB, 45 C.F.R. §156.115(a)(5)(i) (2015). https://www.law.cornell. edu/cfr/text/45/156.115
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Provision of services to enable people to learn, keep, or improve skills and abilities. It is different from rehabilitation as habilitation focuses on people who have not lost skills or abilities, but have not had the opportunity to develop them. For example, a child with an intellectual impairment may not be able to engage in social occupations as they have not developed the required skills and abilities at the same time and in the same way as typically developing children.\.” (Molineux, 2017)

Habits

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Specific, automatic behaviors performed repeatedly, relatively automatically, and with little variation. Habits can be healthy or unhealthy, efficient or inefficient, and supportive or harmful” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)
  • Dunn, W., McClain, L. H., Brown, C., & Youngstrom, M. J. (1998). The ecology of human performance. In M. E. Neistadt & E. B. Crepeau (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (9th ed., pp. 525–535). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Matuska, K., & Barrett, K. (2019). Patterns of occupations. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed., pp. 212–220). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Acquired tendencies to respond and perform in certain consistent ways in familiar environments or situations; specific, automatic behaviors performed repeatedly, relatively automatically, and with little variation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1200)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A behaviour which is automatic and so requires little if any conscious planning or execution. Habits are useful when integrated into daily life in ways that facilitate occupational performance and occupational engagement. Habits can inhibit occupational performance and occupational engagement when they dominate an individual’s actions, consume time that could or should be spent in occupations, or when they interfere with relationships. Compare routine, ritual.” (Molineux, 2017)

Health

• AOTA OTPF4:  “State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)
  • World Health Organization. (2006). Constitution of the World Health Organization (45th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/governance/eb/ who_constitution_en.pdf

Health Disparity

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Gap in the quality of health and healthcare across racial and ethnic groups; population-specific difference in the presence of disease, health outcomes, and or access to healthcare.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1200)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Health Literacy

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1200)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Health Management

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Occupation focused on developing, managing, and maintaining routines for health and wellness by engaging in self-care with the goal of improving or maintaining health, including self-management, to allow for participation in other occupations.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)

Health Promotion

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77)
  • World Health Organization. (1986). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The movement towards Optimal Health and high-level Wellness; the use of discipline-specific techniques to assist people in achieving their health-related goals.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1200)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Holism

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A view of humans which proposes that they are complex beings and as such are more than a simple sum of their constituent parts, and so it is inappropriate to consider any aspect of humans or their health in isolation from others. For example, a holistic approach would suggest that in order to understand a person’s response to a physical injury such as a fractured femur, it is necessary to consider the injury from emotional and social perspectives, not just the anatomy and physiology of the broken bone. It is implicit in this view that remediating or compensating for a particular deficit will not necessarily restore the person to a state of health. Compare reductionism” (Molineux, 2017)

Hope

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Real or perceived belief that one can move toward a goal through selected pathways.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 77) 

Humanism

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A philosophy of human nature, human interest, welfare, and dignity that upholds humans is having inherent worth and potential.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1200)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Imperialism

• Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas.”
  • Imperialism. (n.d.). In The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/imperialism

Inclusion

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “State of being able to participate in life activities, often used in relation to removing social and physical obstacles to participation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1200)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Indigenous Science

• https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/knowinghome/chapter/chapter-6/
• “Indigenous is the science knowledge of all peoples who, as participants in culture, are affected by the worldview and interests of their home communities and homelands...every culture has its own science and refers to the science of a given culture as its “indigenous science”...‘Every culture and every society has its own science, and its function is sustaining its mother society and culture’...The traditional wisdom component of IS—the values and ways of decision-making relating to science knowledge—is particularly rich in time-tested approaches that foster sustainability and environmental integrity. Western Science (WS) is the most dominant science in the world today and is widely thought of as “officially sanctioned science.” However, because WS has been implicated in many of the world’s ecological disasters—pesticide contamination, introduced species, dams and water diversions that have impacted salmon and other indigenous species—it seems that reliance on Western Science alone can be seen as increasingly problematic and even counterproductive...Cultural diversity suggests that Western Science and Indigenous Science should be viewed as co-existing or parallel. Westerners freely acknowledge the existence of Indigenous art, music, literature and drama, and of political and economic systems in Indigenous cultures, but many fail to apprehend and appreciate the concept of Indigenous Science. Thus, when Western Science is taught without acknowledging Indigenous Science, this can be construed as assimilative science education.”
  • Knowing home: Braiding indigenous science with western science, Book 1. (2016, December 15). University of Victoria Publishing Services .

Individualistic Societies

• Willard and Spackman (2019): "Societies that value self-expression, personal choice, autonomy, individual responsibility, and Independence.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1201)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Independence

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Self-directed state of being characterized by an individual’s ability to participate in necessary and preferred occupations in a satisfying manner irrespective of the amount or kind of external assistance desired or required” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)
  • American Occupational Therapy Association. (2002). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 609–639. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.56.6.609

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Activities that support daily life within the home and community and that often require more complex interactions than those used in ADLs” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Activities to support daily life within the Home and Community that often require more complex interactions than self-care used in ADL. IADLS includes 12 activity categories: care for others, care of pets, Child-rearing, communication management, Community Mobility, financial management, Health Management and maintenance, home establishment and management, meal preparation and clean-up, religious observance, safety, and emergency maintenance, and shopping.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1201)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Intentional Use of Self

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The therapist's ability to deliberately anticipate, formulate, reason, and reflect about the use of modes and other interpersonal skills in light of the client's unique interpersonal characteristics and the inevitable interpersonal events that emerged during the therapy process.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1201)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Interdependence

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Reliance that people have on one another as a natural consequence of group living. Interdependence engenders a spirit of social inclusion, mutual aid, and a moral commitment and responsibility to recognize and support difference” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)
  • Christiansen, C. H., & Townsend, E. A. (2010). Introduction to occupation: The art and science of living (2nd ed.). Cranbury, NJ: Pearson Education
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “State of being mutually reliant on other people in order to fulfill one’s needs, and being so as a result of a personal decision. Growing awareness of this concept has caused occupational therapy to reflect on the extent to which a key goal should be independence, especially when interdependence and perhaps even dependence are more culturally or personally appropriate for the individual.” (Molineux, 2017)

Interests

• AOTA OTPF4:  “What one finds enjoyable or satisfying to do” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)
  • Kielhofner, G. (2008). The Model of Human Occupation: Theory and application (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Intervention (Occupational)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Process and skilled actions taken by occupational therapy practitioners in collaboration with the client to facilitate engagement in occupation related to health and participation. The intervention process includes the plan, implementation, and review” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)
  • American Occupational Therapy Association. (2015). Standards of practice for occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69 (Suppl. 3), 6913410057. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2015.696S06
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Process and skilled actions taken by occupational therapy practitioners in collaboration with the client to facilitate engagement in occupations related to health and participation. The intervention process includes the plan, implementation, and review.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1201)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Intervention approaches

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Specific strategies selected to direct the process of interventions on the basis of the client’s desired outcomes, evaluation data, and evidence” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)

Interventions to support occupations

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Methods and tasks that prepare the client for occupational performance, used as part of a treatment session in preparation for or concurrently with occupations and activities or provided to a client as a home-based engagement to support daily occupational performance” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)

Intrapersonal Level

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Characteristics of individuals within the organization or population that influence behavior and impact occupational performance, participation, and health.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1202)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Kawa Model

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A model developed by Michael Iwama and first published in 2006. A driving force in its development was the recognition that many existing models were from English-speaking countries and most were from either the United States or Canada. The model uses the metaphor of a river to represent the life history of a person, family, or group, and the flowing water is the life energy. Different aspects of the river represent factors that could constrict or encourage water flow. The river floor and walls are the environments, specifically the social and physical environments, which surround the person, family, or group. Rocks in the river are circumstances that are problematic, and driftwood pieces are personal attributes and external resources available to the person, family, or group. Finally, the spaces between all elements of the river are seen as potential places for occupational therapy to occur.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Iwama, M. (2006). The Kawa model: Culturally relevant occupational therapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Leisure

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Nonobligatory activity that is intrinsically motivated and engaged in during discretionary time, that is, time not committed to obligatory occupations such as work, self-care, or sleep” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)
  • Parham, L. D., & Fazio, L. S. (Eds.). (1997). Play in occupational therapy for children. St. Louis: Mosby
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A transaction characterized by a relative intrinsic, and self-determined extrinsic, motivation; relative internal control; and disengagement from reality; and that is framed in such a way as to separate it from ‘real life’.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1202)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Life Balance

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A satisfying pattern of daily activity that is healthful, Meaningful, and sustainable to an individual within the context of his or her current life circumstance.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1202)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Life Course

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A term (and a field of study) used to describe the pattern of people's lives in context. It considers the determinants and consequences of social relationships, historical events, and governmental policy for how people live their lives.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1202)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Life Imbalance

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A state in which one's activity configurations limit or compromise participation in valued relationships; are incongruent for establishing or maintaining physiological health and a satisfactory identity; or are mundane, uninteresting, or unchallenging.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1202)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Lifestyle Redesign®

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to occupational therapy that focuses on educating clients about the relationship between occupation and health, and empowering them to develop habits and routines aimed at meeting personal health goals. It was developed through extensive research by occupational scientists and occupational therapists at the University of Southern California. The original study included independently living, well older adults but the approach has now been applied to a wide range of clients.” (Molineux, 2017)

Lifeworld

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The tacit, taken for granted context, tenor, and pace of daily life to which normally people give no reflective attention; a major focus of font phenomenological investigation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1202)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Lived Body

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A phenomenological concept referring to the ways in which our existence as bodily beings contributes to the constitution of human experience and to the human life world; the phenomenologist argues that the lived body is the primary means of being in, experiencing, and encountering the world. (See also: Body-Subject)”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1202)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Macro Level

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The broadest factors from the external environment that affect policy, funding, services, and socio-political influences on the consultation process.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1203)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Maladaptive

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A response to an occupational challenge that is ineffective and so does not support occupational performance or occupational engagement. Compare adaptive” (Molineux, 2017)

Meaning (of and Occupation)

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The significance of an occupation in what is expressed through doing; includes personal, societal, Cultural and historical expressions.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1203)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An attribute of occupation that refers to worth or significance. Meaning is subjective and so is unique to an individual, but can be influenced by contextual factors, and so can change over time or even be unique to each instance of an occupation. Compare purpose” (Molineux, 2017)

Measurement

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Process of assigning numbers to represent qualities of a trait, attribute, or characteristic or to classify objects.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1203)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Mechanism-based reasoning

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Obtaining evidence by extrapolating the results of basic science and applying them to clinical situations.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1203)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Mechanistic Paradigm

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The second paradigm in the history of occupational therapy which was influenced greatly by the medical profession and the systems approach adopted by that profession at the time. The key assumptions at the centre of the paradigm were that the ability to perform required tasks and actions was dependent on the integrity of body systems, that damage to systems through injury or abnormal development would lead to an inability to function, and that performance could be restored by addressing deficits in systems. The paradigm became unstable when occupational therapists realized that this approach was not addressing the needs of their clients, particularly those living with chronic conditions, and so by definition the faulty systems could not be repaired, e.g. people living with spinal cord injuries, and this eventually led to the emergence of the Contemporary Paradigm.” (Molineux, 2017)

Mechanism of Action

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “An understanding of how specific intervention strategies lead to particular outcomes including how change proceeds and the particular conditions under which an intervention achieves the desired results.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1203)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Mezzo Level/Meso Level

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The mid-level factors of the environment external to the client receiving Consultation Services including cultural, physical temporal, and virtual elements.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1203)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Micro Level

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The person, interpersonal factors, cultural, and personal context of the individual receiving Occupational Therapy Services.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1203)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Model

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A framework that outlines a set of beliefs and assumptions, organizes knowledge and skills, in order to delineate the scope and methods of practice. See also conceptual practice model” (Molineux, 2017)

Moral Distress

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A problem that occurs when practitioners know the right thing to do but cannot achieve it because of external barriers or uncertainty about the outcome.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1204)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Moral Reasoning

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The process of reflecting on ethical issues; including reasoning about norms and values, ideals of right and wrong, and how practitioners make decisions and professional work.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1204)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Moral Treatment Movement

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Term given for a movement characterized by the provision of Humane conditions of care for persons with mental illness, influenced by the ideas emanating from the age of the Enlightenment.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1204)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to the care of people with mental health conditions that emerged in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Rather than being locked away and often chained up, Moral Treatment believed that people with mental health conditions should be engaged in everyday activities in order to remediate faulty habits and restore them to more healthy ways of living. It has been suggested that the Moral Treatment Movement was the pre-paradigm of the first occupational therapy paradigm.” (Molineux, 2017)

Motor Skills (Occupational)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “The “group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to moving oneself or moving and interacting with tangible task objects (e.g., tools, utensils, clothing, food or other supplies, digital devices, plant life) in the context of performing a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task. They are commonly named in terms of type of task being performed (e.g., [activity of daily living] motor skills, school motor skills, work motor skills)” (AOTA, 2020, p. 78)
  • Fisher, A. G., & Marterella, A. (2019). Powerful practice: A model for authentic occupational therapy. Fort Collins, CO: Center for Innovative OT Solutions

Multiculturalism

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “And I deal in which diverse groups in a society coexist amicably, retaining their individual cultural identities.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1204)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Narrative Reasoning

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A form of professional reasoning in which occupational therapists employ stories in their thinking and decision-making. It comprises two elements: storytelling, which takes two forms and serves two purposes, and story-making. One type of storytelling has been referred to as ‘chart talk’ as it resembles the medically orientated language used in medical records, and occurs when therapists tell stories which focus on the client’s illness, injury, social exclusion, marginalization, or transition. The second storytelling occurs when therapists talk about clients that are challenging their knowledge and skills. Through telling stories about their current client and seeing similarities and differences with previous clients, therapists often gain a better understanding of the illness experience of the individual, which equips them to work more effectively. Story-making first requires the therapist to determine what story they are entering, that is, what future does the client envision? Therapists must also recognize the story they see unfolding for the client. These are then used, sometimes explicitly but most often implicitly, to negotiate a shared story they can both be part of and contribute to creating. Story-making sometimes involves verbalizing stories, but more often the therapists create experiences for clients that suggest the preferred future.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Mattingly, C. (1991). The narrative nature of clinical reasoning. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(11), 998–1005.
  • Mattingly, C. (1998). Healing Dramas and Clinical Plots: The Narrative Structure of Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge
  • Mattingly, C. and Fleming, M. (1994). Clinical Reasoning: Forms of Inquiry in a Therapeutic Practice. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Occupation

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Everyday personalized activities that people do as individuals, in families, and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life. Occupations can involve the execution of multiple activities for completion and can result in various outcomes. The broad range of occupations is categorized as activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, health management, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, and social participation” (AOTA, 2020, p. 79)
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: 
• “1. The experiences of humans which necessitate active engagement, have purpose and meaning, and are contextualized. Occupation is defined differently by different authors within occupational therapy and occupational science, and this variation is due to the still-emerging understanding of it, the complex multifaceted nature of occupation, and the purpose for which it is being defined. Occupation is a process that is manifested in some form of physical or mental (emotional/cognitive) ‘activity’. It is an active process in that it occupies time and space, and requires investment of varying degrees of energy, interest, and attention. Mental and physical doing can exist concurrently or in isolation; an occupation can include one or both facets, and where they both exist within the same occupation the two may not be related. Implicit in the idea of occupation as active engagement is that occupation necessitates the use of our inherent capacities and abilities. The extent and combination of the use of these attributes will not only vary from person to person, but also from occupation to occupation, as well as between different instances of the same occupation. Some effort has gone into differentiating occupations from actions, which are active but lack significant purpose and/or meaning, or are not named in the same way as occupations.
• The purpose of occupation
• All human endeavours have some reason or purpose. In Western cultural contexts those purposes are conveyed by categorizing occupations as self-care, productivity occupation, leisure, and rest occupations. These categories can be further operationalized as showering and dressing (self-care), volunteering at the local hospice (productivity), reading a book (leisure), and sleeping (rest). In contrast to this approach Wilcock has suggested that occupations serve three main purposes. First, occupation provides the means by which humans can meet survival needs such as obtaining food and shelter. Second, occupation induces and enables development of skills necessary for successful living, and provides the means by which these skills are maintained. Finally, Wilcock has argued that occupation prompts and rewards the use of individual capacities so that the organism can flourish, and reach potential. Occupation also serves two purposes for the collective human species: collective development of shared configurations of occupations to enable groups of humans to establish themselves as recognizable communities, and survival of the species. Occupations also serve idiosyncratic or context-related purposes, such as picking a bunch of flowers to please a loved one, weeding a garden to reduce fire risk, or basking in the sun to celebrate the beginning of spring. The purpose of an occupation may also relate to life goals, such as gaining a qualification.
• The meaning of occupation
• Just as occupation has purpose, it always has meaning to the individual engaged in it, and it is often rich with personal and cultural meaning. As a result, while we might be tempted to classify, define, and understand occupation according to its outward appearance, this may overlook its essence. The centrality of meaning in occupation is highlighted by the idea that occupations have meanings that are both unique and dynamic. They are unique because each person makes sense of their existence in an individual manner. The meaning of occupation is also dynamic because just as humans are in a constant state of development, so too is the meaning we ascribe to occupations within our repertoire. Changes in meaning may be due to global conditions, season, culture, available technologies and resources, national identity, behavioural norms and so on, as well as changes in more individual factors including role, relationships, maturation, life stage, financial status, educational attainment, goals, living situation, and any acquired impairment. To fully appreciate engagement in any given occupation, it is crucial to tap into the subjective experience of that engagement. Meaning is what motivates occupational performance and occupational engagement and so it is necessary to appreciate that actual meaning may not be congruent with apparent meaning. Given that the meaning attached to an occupation can be derived from a myriad of sources, it is possible that the easily recognizable source of meaning bears no resemblance to the actual meaning for the individual. Various studies have identified the specific meanings that particular occupations, such as cooking and quilt-making, hold. More recently, a phenomenological study suggested that the meaning of occupation relates to who it is done with (or without), the things individuals care about, and the possibilities that lie within an occupation.
• Occupation is contextualized
• “Humans exist within a multitude of contexts—physical, social, cultural, chronological, developmental, life cycle, disability status, institutional, legal, political, economic, temporal, historical—and these impact on occupation, and occupations can in turn shape the same contexts. The relationship between humans, occupations, and contexts is complex and non-linear. First, occupation is the way in which humans respond, ideally in an adaptive way, to the challenges presented by the environment. To this end, it is necessary to understand the situation that gives rise to a particular occupation if we are to fully comprehend the occupation itself. Second, contexts go beyond merely eliciting occupations; they can facilitate or inhibit the resultant occupations. A final context that must be taken into account when understanding occupation is the occupational history of the individual. It has been suggested that it is through occupations, and the organization of these occupations, that individuals distinguish themselves from others, with each person having a unique occupational history. Furthermore, this history of past occupational engagement influences the form and pattern of future occupational engagement.
• Occupation is human
• While it is acknowledged that all species engage in different forms of doing, it is generally suggested that engagement in occupations is a key characteristic that distinguishes humans from other species. Yerxa exemplified this view by coining the phrase ‘Homo occupacio’ to describe the human species. While this may be nothing more than a case of evolutionary arrogance, the belief that humans alone are occupational is widely held within the literature. Historically occupation was assumed to be a human characteristic and to impact on health. Research has been conducted which does indicate there are different experiences of human engagement, and one of these seems to correlate with the idea of occupation. When humans engage in occupations they report greater enjoyment, perform more accurately, have an increased tolerance for pain. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that occupation impacts on health and ultimately survival." (Molineux, 2017)
  • 2. A specific individual’s personally constructed, non-repeatable experience, as argued by Pierce, an occupational therapist and occupational scientist in the United States, who placed particular weight on the contextual aspect of occupation.
  • Pierce, D. (2001). Untangling occupation and activity. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(2), 138–46.”

• Pierce, D: “An Occupation is a specific individual’s personally constructed, non-repeatable experience. That is, an occupation is a subjective event in perceived temporal, spatial, and social-cultural conditions that are unique to that one-time occurrence. An occupation has a shape, a pace, a beginning and an ending, a shared or solitary aspect, a cultural meaning to the person, and a finite number of other perceived contextual qualities...

  An activity is an idea held in the minds of people and in their shared cultural language. An activity isn't culturally defined in the general class of human actions. The common sense meanings of activities, such as play or cooking, enable us to communicate about generalized categories of Occupational experience and a broad, accessible way. And activity is not experienced by a specific person, it is not observable as An Occurrence, it is not located in a fully existent temporal, spatial, and socio-cultural context.” 

  Pierce, D. Untangling occupation and activity. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, 138-146.

Occupational Adaptation

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A process of change that enables humans to make occupational responses to challenges presented by the environments in which they exist. In responding to the challenges individuals are influenced not only by the external environments, but also their internal views of what is expected and what has been effective or otherwise in the past. As a result of the multiple challenges each individual faces over time, they build up a repertoire of adaptive responses which can be used or modified to meet future challenges. It is also a state to which humans aspire, one in which they are effectively making occupational responses to environmental challenges.” (Molineux, 2017)
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Normative internal process that is activated by the individual When approaching and adapting to challenges in life; constructing a positive occupational identity and achieving occupational competence overtime in the context of one's environment.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwe

Occupational Alienation

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The sense of powerlessness, separation from self and others, loss of control, and meaninglessness one experiences when engaging in activities which do not have meaning or purpose, and do not satisfy personal needs. Sustained occupational alienation can result in negative health and well-being outcomes. Although usually applied to the experiences of people in situations such as prison, occupational alienation is a potential risk in any situation where people are required to perform activities, e.g. in large institutions such as schools or health care facilities.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Wilcock, A. and Hocking, C. (2015). An Occupational Perspective of Health (third ed.). Thorofare: Slack.

Occupational Analysis

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Analysis that is performed with an understanding of “the specific situation of the client and therefore [of] the specific occupations the client wants or needs to do in the actual context in which these occupations are performed”” (AOTA, 2020, p. 79)
  • Schell, B. A. B., Gillen, G., Crepeau, E., & Scaffa, M. (2019). Analyzing occupations and activity. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed., pp. 320–333). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Analysis of an occupation that is relevant to an individual within the actual context of performance. Occupational analysis refers to systematically analyzing what and how a person or groups of people actually do an activity.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwe

Occupational Apartheid

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The exclusion of people from opportunities for occupational performance and occupational engagement by society and its systems, due to political affiliation, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, health status, or a range of other characteristics.” (Molineux, 2017)
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Separation between those who have meaningful, useful occupations and those who are deprived of, isolated from, or otherwise constrained in their daily occupations”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Balance

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The extent to which a person’s occupational performance and occupational engagement are equitable, satisfactory, or in harmony from the perspective of the individual. Originally it was believed that there needed to be relatively equitable distribution of time between self-care, productivity, and leisure occupations. There is now growing recognition that occupational balance is more complex. For example, it may be balance between categories of occupation or balance between occupations with different characteristics, and balance may not necessarily be judged based on the amount of time devoted to each type of occupation.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Behaviour

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The theoretical foundation for occupational therapy proposed by Mary Reilly and her colleagues at the University of Southern California in the 1960s and 1970s, which addressed the wide range of activities that humans engage in over their lifespan within different contexts. It was a key milestone in the profession’s attempts to differentiate itself from medicine and the biomedical perspective.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupation-based (and focused practice)

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Characteristic of the best practice method used in occupational therapy, in which the practitioner uses an evaluation process and types of interventions that actively engage the client in occupation” (AOTA, 2020, p. 79)
  • Fisher, A. G., & Marterella, A. (2019). Powerful practice: A model for authentic occupational therapy. Fort Collins, CO: Center for Innovative OT Solutions
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “An approach to intervention that incorporates the real pipe in life interests and activities of the client and typically harness activities naturally occurring in the person's life for therapeutic purposes.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A type of occupational therapy intervention, including assessment and treatment, that uses occupation as the main therapeutic modality, i.e. the therapist engages the client in occupation. A top-down approach to practice would be consistent with occupation-based practice. However, there is debate about the extent to which occupation needs to be the key modality in occupational therapy in order for it to be considered occupation-based. For example, in contrast to the definition provided here some would include provision or assistive devices or home modifications, and counselling and education as legitimate methods within occupation-based practice. Compare occupation-focused practice, occupation-centred practice” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Fisher, A. (2013). Occupation-centred, occupation-based, occupation-focused: Same, same or different? Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(3), 162–73.
  • Kielhofner, G. (2009). Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice (fourth ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Occupation-Centered

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Previously used interchangeably with occupation-based practice or occupation-focused practice, but now used more specifically to refer to the way in which an occupational perspective of humans and health is central to occupational therapy, that the prime focus and concern of the profession is occupational performance and occupational engagement. Used in this way it could be said that all occupational therapy practice, whether top-down or bottom-up, or occupation-based/occupation-focused or not, is occupation-centred.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Fisher, A. (2013). Occupation-centred, occupation-based, occupation-focused: Same, same or different? Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(3), 162–73.

Occupational Choice

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Determination of meaningful activities based on one’s values; interests and beliefs; social situation; gender and gender identity; age; and physical, cognitive, and emotional abilities”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Competence

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The degree to which one is able to sustain a pattern of occupational participation that reflects one’s occupational identify”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Deprivation

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A reduction in the amount and diversity of opportunities for occupational performance and occupational engagement for an extended period of time. It impacts negatively on health and well-being and may have serious consequences if prolonged. It is generally seen as caused by factors outside the control of the individual such as social structures or stigma, religious practices, political differences, poverty, or geography. There is debate as to whether factors such as illness and injury can cause occupational deprivation given that they are internal to the individual. Nonetheless, they are beyond the control of the individual and can have similar consequences, namely, reduced opportunities for diverse occupational performance and occupational engagement” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Whiteford, G. (2010). Occupational deprivation: Understanding limited participation. In C. Christiansen and E. Townsend (Eds.), Introduction to Occupation: The Art and Science of Living (second ed., pp. 303–28). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Lack of access to engagement in an array of self-selected occupations that have meaning to the individual, family, or community”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Development

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The gradual change in occupational engagement, occupational performance, and occupational identity that occurs over the lifespan as a result of biomedical and psychological development as well as ongoing interactions with the human and non-human environments.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Davis, J. and Polatajko, H. (2006). The occupational development of children. In Rodger, S. and Ziviani, J. (Eds.) Occupational Therapy with Children: Understanding Children’s Occupations and Enabling Participation. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Humphry, R. and Wakeford, L. (2006). An occupation-centered discussion of development and implications for practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(3), 258–67.

Occupational Disruption

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The temporary disturbance to an individual’s usual pattern of occupational performance and occupational engagement with associated negative impacts on health and well-being. It can be caused by internal factors, such as temporary illness or injury, or external factors, such as a temporary change to living arrangements, short-term unemployment, social exclusion, or marginalization. Occupational disruption is a temporary experience that resolves once the causal factors have been remediated. Compare occupational deprivation.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Dysadaptation

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Performance problems arising from a mismatch between environmental demands and the person’s motivation or capacity for response.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Engagement 

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “One’s doing, thinking, and feeling under certain environmental conditions in the midst of or as a planned consequence of therapy”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The process and state of participating in an occupation which is more than performance, as it includes the sense of total immersion in the occupation. Compare occupational performance” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Enrichment

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The process whereby deliberate changes are made to restrictive environments to enable more typical occupational performance and occupational engagement. It is a strategy to ameliorate the occupational deprivation which can exist in settings such as prisons, but may be applied to other institutions or non-institutional settings.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Environment

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “One of the three primary elements in the theory of occupational adaptation. In contrast with other environments, the occupational environment calls for an occupational response from the individual in the context of work, play/leisure, or self-maintenance. The contexts are shaped by unique physical, social, and cultural influences”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupation–Environment Fit

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The match between the demands of the occupation and the features of the environment. For example, the occupation of delivering a lecture requires an audience that is quiet and attentive in order to be effective. If the people in the audience, that is the social environment, are talking to each other loudly and speaking on mobile telephones, then the environment is not supportive of the occupation. Occupation–environment fit would therefore be poor, and would limit successful occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Form

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The pre-existing structure that elicits, guides, or structures performance of daily life activities.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “1. The particular circumstances, external to the individual, that stimulate or influence humans to act. Each occupational form comprises physical and sociocultural aspects. 2. The external observable features of an occupation including the stages involved, actions required, and what constitutes quality.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Nelson, D. (1988). Occupation: Form and performance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 42(10), 633–41.

Occupation-Focused Practice

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A type of occupational therapy intervention, including assessment and treatment, that is concerned with occupation, but may not necessarily involve engaging the client in occupation as the main therapeutic modality. For example, improving joint range of motion with rote exercise or passive range of motion is not occupation-based as the client is not engaging in occupation, but may be occupation-focused as the medium/long-term goal is to enable a return to occupational performance and occupational engagement. Compare occupation-based practice” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupation-Focused Lifestyle Interventions

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “An intervention approach that takes account of the unique constellation of circumstances that comprise a person's everyday life.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
    • Fisher. (2013). Occupation-centred, occupation-based, occupation-focused: Same, same or different? Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(3), 162–173. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038128.2012.754492

Occupational History

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An overview of a person’s occupational performance and occupational engagement up to a specific point in time. It can form part of an assessment process as a way of understanding pre-morbid situations and provide ideas for intervention.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Identity

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Composite sense of who one is and wishes to become as an occupational being generated from one’s history of occupational participation” (AOTA, 2020, p. 79)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Composite sense of who one is and wishes to become as an occupational being generated from one’s history of occupational participation”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The sense people have of themselves as occupational beings, including their preferences and abilities in occupational performance and occupational engagement, in relation to their occupational history, their plans/hopes for the future, and the various contexts in which they exist.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Imbalance

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A variation in the time and energy devoted to different occupations. The imbalance may occur in a number of ways, for example: between self-care, productivity, and leisure occupations; between active and sedentary occupations; between occupations one chooses and those one is obliged to perform; between doing, being, and becoming. While imbalance may be transient, ongoing occupational imbalance is likely to influence health and well-being negatively.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Issue

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A challenge faced by the client with occupational performance and occupational engagement. The aim of assessment in occupational therapy is to identify first the occupational issue(s) faced by the client, and then the cause(s) of each occupational issue. Starting at the occupational issue and then moving to the underlying causes is a feature of top-down approaches.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Injustice

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The infringement of the rights of a person or group of people to have access to opportunities and resources for occupational performance and occupational engagement in order to achieve and maintain health.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Justice

• AOTA OTPF4:  “A justice that recognizes occupational rights to inclusive participation in everyday occupations for all persons in society, regardless of age, ability, gender, social class, or other differences. Occupational justice includes access to and participation in the full range of meaningful and enriching occupations afforded to others, including opportunities for social inclusion and the resources to participate in occupations to satisfy personal, health, and societal needs.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 79)
  • Nilsson, I., & Townsend, E. (2010). Occupational justice—Bridging theory and practice. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 17, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038120903287182
  • Townsend, E., & Wilcock, A. A. (2004). Occupational justice and client-centred practice: A dialogue in progress. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71, 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740407100203
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Concerned with ethical, moral, and civic issues such as equity and fairness for individuals and collectives, specific to engagement in diverse and meaningful occupation that is inclusive of ‘doing, being, belonging, and becoming”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The recognition that all humans have a right to engage in a wide range of occupations in order to achieve and maintain health, and so social and political systems should be structured in ways to provide opportunities and resources for occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Knowledge

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The experimental, observational, and investigatory information acquired by occupational therapy practitioners to understand the form, function, and meaning of engaging in occupations for individuals and society.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Nature of Humans

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The innate need humans have to engage in and manage occupations, and the complex relationship between occupation, health, and survival. A core foundation of the Contemporary Paradigm and alternative perspective on humans and health to the biomedical model that is unique to occupational therapy.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Wilcock, A. and Hocking, C. (2015). An Occupational Perspective of Health (third ed.). Thorofare: Slack.

Occupational Orchestration

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The capacity Of individuals to enact their occupations on a daily basis to meet their own needs and the expectations of many environment in which they are required to function. This may include attention to habits and routines and the interface of these with the needs and expectations of others.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1205)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Participation

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Engagement and work, play, or activities of daily living that are part of one's social-cultural context and that are desired and/or necessary to one's well-being.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Patterns

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Habits, routines, rules, and rituals used in the process of engaging and occupations or activities.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Performance

• AOTA OTPF4:  “Accomplishment of the selected occupation resulting from the dynamic transaction among the client, their context, and the occupation.” (AOTA, 2020, p. 80)

Occupational Possibilities

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Refers to the ways through which accessing and engaging in occupations come to be viewed as ideal and are supported and promoted by broader systems and structures through a specific socio-historical context.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Those occupations which are sanctioned, valued, and made possible within a particular sociocultural context.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Profile

• AOTA OTPF4:“Summary of the client’s occupational history and experiences, patterns of daily living, interests, values, needs, and relevant contexts” (AOTA, 2020, p. 80)
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A summary of information that describes the client’s occupational history and experiences, patterns of daily living, interests, values, and needs.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Rights

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Ethical, moral, and civic issues such as equity and fairness for both individuals and collectives specific to engagement in diverse and meaningful occupation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupational Risk Factors

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Influences that have the potential to impact negatively on the ability to perform and engage in occupation(s) or to reap the health benefits of occupation(s). These might include occupational imbalance, occupational alienation, occupational disruption, occupational deprivation.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Science

• AOTA OTPF4:“Way of thinking that enables an understanding of occupation, the occupational nature of humans, the relationship between occupation, health and wellbeing, and the influences that shape occupation” (AOTA, 2020, p. 80)
  • World Federation of Occupational Therapists. (2012b). Occupational science [Position statement]. Retrieved from https://www.wfot.org/ resources/occupational-science
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The study of the things people do: interdisciplinary academic discipline in the social and behavioral Sciences dedicated to the study of the form, the function, and meaning of human occupations.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The study of humans as occupational beings and the relationship between occupation and health. The need for occupational science was recognized as early as the start of the twentieth century when the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy outlined two of its key objectives as the study of the effects of occupation on humans, and the dissemination of that knowledge. However, due to the pressures experienced by the occupational therapy profession throughout its history since that organization was formed, those two objectives were not given much attention.
• The field was not named occupational science until the end of the 1980s when the department of occupational therapy at the University of Southern California established a new programme, doctor of philosophy in occupational science. The programme was founded as academics in the department recognized the need for a science of occupation, a science that would investigate occupation as a human experience and the relationship between occupation and health and ill-health. Notably the field is not limited to understanding individuals or groups with existing health conditions or illnesses. In its attempts to understand human occupation as a human experience that is vital for health, much research seeks to understand the phenomenon in healthy populations. Given the nature of occupation, it was seen as an interdisciplinary field encompassing multiple paradigms in order to understand the complexity of occupation and health. Notably the new discipline was initially envisaged as one that was distinct from occupational therapy, although it was seen as fundamental to future development of the profession. Indeed, occupational science was first described as a basic science which would serve the applied science of occupational therapy. This distinction is now not as apparent given that some occupational science research focuses on occupation-based interventions.
• Although occupational science has developed throughout the world and there are now journals, books, conferences, undergraduate and postgraduate courses devoted to the topic, its development has not been without controversy. Since it was first named, and continuing to the present day, the existence and need for occupational science have been questioned and debated. Critics argue, for example, that occupational science will divert resources and scholars away from occupational therapy, or that occupational science is not necessary as research into occupation and health is the domain of occupational therapy. Despite this continuing debate the benefits of occupational science have been recognized, even by those who are critical of the field. It has been suggested, for example, that the field will provide support for the practice of occupational therapists, deepen our understanding of human beings, and the achievement and maintenance of health and well-being, distinguish occupational therapy from other professions, and provide new insights into many of the issues facing communities, societies, and the world.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Molineux, M. and Whiteford, G. (2011). Occupational science: Genesis, evolution and future contribution. In E. Duncan (Ed.), Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy (fifth ed., pp. 245–55). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
  • Molke, D., Polatajko, H., and Laliberte Rudman, D. (2004). The promise of occupational science: A developmental assessment of an emerging academic discipline. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71(5), 269–80.
  • Yerxa, E., Clark, F., Jackson, J., Parham, D., Pierce, D., Stein, C., and Zemke, R. (1989). An introduction to occupational science, a foundation for occupational therapy in the 21st century. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 6(4), 1–17.
  • http://www.isoccsci.org/ International Society for Occupational Science—includes links to the majority of occupational science organizations around the world

Occupational Story-Making

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The therapeutic strategy of creating experiences in which clients sees themselves as competent occupational beings with a positive future. These stories are seldom verbalized, but may be. Compare occupational storytelling”
  • Clark, F. (1993). Occupation embedded in a real life: Interweaving occupational science and occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 47(12), 1067–78.
  • Clark, F., Ennevor, B., and Richardson, P. (1996). A grounded theory of techniques for occupational storytelling and occupational story-making. In R. Zemke and F. Clark (Eds.), Occupational Science: The Evolving Discipline (pp. 373–92). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Occupational Storytelling

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Process of a client sharing their experience of occupational performance and occupational engagement by telling stories about occupation, either as part of the assessment process or during any stage of the occupational therapy process. Compare occupational story-making” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Clark, F. (1993). Occupation embedded in a real life: Interweaving occupational science and occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 47(12), 1067–78.
  • Clark, F., Ennevor, B., and Richardson, P. (1996). A grounded theory of techniques for occupational storytelling and occupational storymaking. In R. Zemke and F. Clark (Eds.), Occupational Science: The Evolving Discipline (pp. 373–92). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Occupational Therapy

• AOTA OTPF4:“Therapeutic use of everyday life occupations with persons, groups, or populations (i.e., clients) for the purpose of enhancing or enabling participation. Occupational therapy practitioners use their knowledge of the transactional relationship among the person, their engagement in valued occupations, and the context to design occupation-based intervention plans. Occupational therapy services are provided for habilitation, rehabilitation, and promotion of health and wellness for clients with disability- and non-disability-related needs. Services promote acquisition and preservation of occupational identity for those who have or are at risk for developing an illness, injury, disease, disorder, condition, impairment, disability, activity limitation, or participation restriction” (AOTA, 2020, p. 80)
  • American Occupational Therapy Association. (2011). Definition of occupational therapy practice for the AOTA Model Practice Act. Retrieved from http://www.aota.org/∼/media/Corporate/Files/Advocacy/State/ Resources/PracticeAct/Model%20Definition%20of%20OT%20Practice %20%20Adopted%2041411.pdf
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A profession concerned with enabling individuals, groups, communities, and societies to achieve and maintain health through occupation. Occupational therapy enables people to participate in the range of occupations that are appropriate to that individual or group. Occupational therapists consider the full range of factors which impact on the ability to engage in occupation, such as the skills and abilities of the person, the characteristics of the occupation, and/or the various contexts impacting on the person/group or occupation. Occupational therapy has traditionally been located within health, educational, and social care systems but is beginning to contribute beyond these traditional boundaries.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • World Federation of Occupational Therapists International Advisory Group: Occupational Science. (2004). Definition of occupational therapy. Unpublished document produced for the World Federation of Occupational Therapists.
  • http://www.wfot.org World Federation of Occupational Therapists—includes links to the majority of occupational therapy organizations around the world

Occupational Therapy Process

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The sequence of tasks an occupational therapist undertakes when interacting with a client. It is a problem-solving process and as such has much in common with the processes followed by other professions. The distinguishing feature is the focus on the occupational issues of the client and the development of strategies that are occupation-based. Although often presented as a linear process, in practice the occupational therapy process is usually a fluid and flexible process in which the therapist moves between stages and may even complete different stages simultaneously. At its simplest the occupational therapy process includes assessment, intervention planning, intervention implementation, evaluation, and discharge. It can be further delineated to include referral, screening, identification of occupational issues, assessment of causes of occupational issues, prioritization of occupational issues, agreement of goals and objectives, intervention planning, intervention implementation, evaluation of achievement of goals and objectives, revision of occupational issues, and discharge from occupational therapy.” (Molineux, 2017)

Occupational Transition

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Major change in the occupational repertoire of a person in which one or several occupations change, disappear, and/or are replaced by others.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupation as End

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Occupations that constitute the end product of therapy, that is, the occupations to be learned or relearned.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Occupation as Means

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Occupations that act as the therapeutic change agent to remediate impaired abilities or capacities.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Organizational Level (of ecologically based interventions)

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Rules, regulations, policies, procedures, programs, and resources within agencies and organizations that impact occupational performance and/or participation and impact health.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1206)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Paradigm

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A vision shared by members of a profession, discipline, or group which guides their conduct, practice, and communication. Kielhofner has described the history of the occupational therapy profession as a process of Kuhnian crises and paradigm formations starting with the pre-paradigm of the Moral Treatment Movement, the Paradigm of Occupation, the Mechanistic Paradigm, and most recently the Contemporary Paradigm. The same concept is used to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. Both these approaches are underpinned by particular views of knowledge and human experience, which in turn directly shape the ways of planning, conducting, and disseminating research. Further reading.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Kuhn, T. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kielhofner, G. (2009). Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice (fourth ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Paradigm of Occupation

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The first paradigm in the history of occupational therapy which emerged from the pre-paradigm of the Moral Treatment Movement, and was also influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement. The key assumptions at the centre of the paradigm were that occupation played a key role in life and impacted on health, that mind and body were linked and need to be considered together, that lack of occupation could result in damage to mind and body, and that engagement in occupation could remediate that damage. The paradigm became unstable when occupational therapy came under pressure from the medical profession to adopt more scientific methods, and this eventually led to the emergence of the Mechanistic Paradigm.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Kielhofner, G. (2009). Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice (fourth ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

Participation

• AOTA OTPF4:“Involvement in a life situation”  (AOTA, 2020, p. 81)
  • World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: Author.
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Involvement in life situations (e.g., self-care tasks, domestic life, education, employment, social, and civic life). Participation encompasses passive participation (e.g. Observing others or listening). Occupational therapists generally include additional elements such as the meaning of participation and people's subjective experience of participating.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Perception(s)

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The identification, organization, and interpretation of sensation, leading to a mental representation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Performance analysis

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The evaluation of the quality or effectiveness of the motor, process, and or social interaction skills based on the observation of a person has he or she is engaged in the performance of a desired or needed daily life task and with the goal of evaluating the person's quality of Occupational performance.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 

Performance Capacity

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Ability to do things provided by the status of underlying objective, physical and mental components, and corresponding subjective experience.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 

Performance patterns

• AOTA OTPF4:“Habits, routines, roles, and rituals that may be associated with different lifestyles and used in the process of engaging in occupations or activities. These patterns are influenced by context and time and can support or hinder occupational performance” (AOTA, 2020, p. 81)

Performance skills

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The smallest observable units of Occupational performance; goal-directed actions a person carries out one-by-one when engaged in naturalistic and relevant daily life task performance.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 

Person-Environment-Occupation Fit (PEO Fit)

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “The way in which the interaction between the three elements supports occupational performance and engagement, at a particular point in time, in a specific situation. Although not quantifiable it can be described to convey the degree of fit. For example, there can be a good or strong PEO fit indicating that all elements are working together to effectively support occupational performance and engagement. Conversely, PEO fit might be poor or weak indicating that the person may be having some difficulties with occupational performance and engagement. However, to determine what aspects are facilitative or inhibitive it is necessary to consider each interaction separately: person-environment fit, person-occupation fit, and occupation-environment fit. See also person-environment fit” (Molineux, 2017)

Person-Environment Fit

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “How the individual’s abilities, capacities, body structures, and functions enable them to interact effectively with the environment. It is necessary therefore to consider key features of the environment to examine the match or mismatch between the person and environment. For example, a person may have had bilateral below-knee amputations and so use a wheelchair to mobilize. The shopping centre they use is all on one level, has wide corridors, and has appropriate parking near the front door. In this case the person-environment fit would be good, given that using a wheelchair does not create any mobility difficulties due to the physical environment at the centre. See also person-environment-occupation fit” (Molineux, 2017)

Person-Environment-Occupation model (PEO model)

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A model developed in Canada by a number of occupational therapists at McMaster University in the mid to late 1990s. It comprises four elements—three overlapping circles which represent person, environment, and occupation, and the area within the overlap is viewed as occupational performance.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Schell, B., Gillen, G., and Scaffa, M. (Eds.). (2014). Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (twelfth ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkin.

Person-Environment-Occupation Performance model (PEOP model)

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A model developed by Carolyn Baum and Charles Christiansen in the mid-1980s. It comprises four elements—person, environment, occupation, and performance. Person includes those factors intrinsic to the individual, while environment includes external influences. Occupation is the construct used to describe what humans do, but performance is used to identify the actual doing of the occupation; together these are occupational performance. The model acknowledges that occupational performance is influenced by narratives of the individual, organizations, and populations. Finally, the model identifies that participation in society is an important outcome of occupational performance.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Christiansen, C., Baum, C., and Bass-Haugen, J. (Eds.). (2004). Occupational Therapy: Performance, Participation, and Well-Being (third ed.). Thorofare: Slack.

Personal factors

• AOTA OTPF4:“Unique features of the person reflecting the particular background of their life and living that are not part of a health condition or health state. Personal factors are generally considered to be enduring, stable attributes of the person, although some personal factors may change over time” (AOTA, 2020, p. 81)

Person-Occupation Fit

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “How the individual’s abilities, capacities, body structures, and functions enable them to meet the demands of a particular occupation. For example, a person who is having difficulties concentrating due to depression may be having difficulty engaging in their work occupations if they require a high level of concentration such as quality control on a production line. Person-environment fit would therefore be poor, and would limit successful occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Phenomenology/Phenomenological

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A philosophical tradition that focuses on describing and interpreting Human Experience. It is also used to indicate experience of occupation.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Philosophy

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “An academic discipline that studies the essence and limits of human beings, reality, knowledge, and action among other fundamental principles pertaining to existence.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A structured approach to thinking about a phenomenon and associated ideas and experiences, that guides thought and action.” (Molineux, 2017)

Physical Context

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One context within which occupational performance and occupational engagement occur. Physical context includes the built and natural aspects of the world that influence, and are influenced by, occupational performance and occupational engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)

Physical Environment

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Natural and built non-human surroundings and objects in them. The natural environment includes Geographic terrain, plants, and animals as well as the sensory qualities of the natural surroundings. The built environment includes buildings, furniture, tools, and devices.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Place

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Any environmental locus that gathers individual or group meanings, intentions, and actions spatially; infusion of the human and natural order in any significance spatial center of a person or groups lived experience; see also: life world.”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Play

• AOTA OTPF4:“Active engagement in an activity that is intrinsically motivated, internally controlled, and freely chosen and that may include the suspension of reality. Play includes participation in a broad range of experiences including but not limited to exploration, humor, fantasy, risk, contest, and celebrations. Play is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is shaped by sociocultural factors” (AOTA, 2020, p. 81)
  • Skard, G., & Bundy, A. (2008). Test of Playfulness. In L. D. Parham & L. Fazio (Eds.), Play in occupational therapy for children (2nd ed., pp. 71–93). St. Louis: Mosby. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-032302954-4.10004-2
  • Eberle, S. G. (2014). The elements of play: Toward a philosophy and a definition of play. American Journal of Play, 6, 214–233.
  • Sutton-Smith, B. (2009). The ambiguity of play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Lynch, H., Hayes, N., & Ryan, S. (2016). Exploring socio-cultural influences on infant play occupations in Irish home environments. Journal of Occupational Science, 23, 352–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591. 2015.1080181

Play and Leisure Experience

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Subjective experience, personal meaning, and satisfaction with experience related to play and Leisure performance.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Population Health 

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Health outcomes of a group or individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group; and approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire human population.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1208)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Populations

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Groups of people within a community who share common characteristics, for example, homeless persons, veterans, refugees, and people with chronic mental and/or physical disabilities.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1208)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Productivity Occupations

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A category of occupations which focus on either employment, self-development, or making a contribution (socially or economically) to society or to others. Productivity occupations are categorized differently in different models but might include education, volunteering, or paid employment. In the case of children, play may be considered a productivity occupation, rather than a leisure occupation, given the role play has in development.” (Molineux, 2017)

Proto Occupations

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Activities of non-human primates which although they might appear similar to human occupation, are said to be less complex due primarily to a lack of symbolic meaning.” (Molineux, 2017)

Psychosocial

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Referring to the mind's ability to, consciously or unconsciously, adjust and relate the body to its social environment.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1209)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Public Health

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Protecting and promoting the health and safety of communities through a range of methods such as education, research, and policy development.” (Molineux, 2017)

Public Policy Level 

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Local, state, and federal policies, laws, and programs that regulate, support, and/or constrained desired occupational performance and or participation and impact health.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1209)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Purpose

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An attribute of occupation that refers to the reason for, or outcome of, occupational performance and occupational engagement. The purpose of occupation is commonly categorized in many Western cultures as self-care, productivity, or leisure, although these are not mutually exclusive. As occupation is socioculturally specific, different groups and subgroups are likely to have other ways of categorizing purpose. Compare meaning.” (Molineux, 2017)

Purposeful Action

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Activities that have meaning for individuals and/or groups as a whole.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1209)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Purposeful Activity

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Specifically selected activities that allow the client to develop skills that enhance occupational engagement.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1209)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Quality of life

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A research Paradigm based on the assumption that there are multiple constructed realities and that the purpose of research is to describe and analyze these realities to facilitate the understanding of the phenomenon.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1209)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Quality of life

• AOTA OTPF4:"Dynamic appraisal of life satisfaction (perception of progress toward identifying goals), self-concept (beliefs and feelings about oneself), health and functioning (e.g., health status, self-care capabilities), and socioeconomic factors (e.g., vocation, education, income)”  (AOTA, 2020, p. 82)
  • Radomski, M. V. (1995). There is more to life than putting on your pants. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49, 487–490. https://doi.org/ 10.5014/ajot.49.6.487
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A measure of well-being and encompasses individuals perceptions of their position in life in the context of culture and value systems in which they live in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1209)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Qualitative

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A research Paradigm based on the assumption that there are multiple constructed realities and that the purpose of research is to describe and analyze these realities to facilitate the understanding of the phenomenon.”(Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1209)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Racism

• Marriam-Webster Dictionary: “1. a belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. 2. the systemic oppression of a racial group to the social, economic, and political advantage of another.”
  • Racism. (n.d.). In The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/racism

Reductionism

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “A simplification and narrowing of phenomena in which the whole is understood in terms of its parts. In occupational therapy, reductionism refers to focusing intervention on the parts of a person (physical, emotional, or cognitive) or parts of the occupation rather than the whole person and related context.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1210)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to understanding humans and their experiences that views humans as comprising a number of constituent parts which are related to each other. All aspects of human existence can therefore be understood by reducing them to the parts involved and the relationships between those parts. Sometimes referred to as a mechanistic perspective or view of humans. Compare holism See also Mechanistic Paradigm” (Molineux, 2017)

Rituals

• AOTA OTPF4:“For persons: Sets of symbolic actions with spiritual, cultural, or social meaning contributing to the client’s identity and reinforcing values and beliefs. Rituals have a strong affective component. For groups and populations: Shared social actions with traditional, emotional, purposive, and technological meaning contributing to values and beliefs within the group or population”  (AOTA, 2020, p. 82)
  • Fiese, B. H. (2007). Routines and rituals: Opportunities for participation in family health. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 27(Suppl. 1), 41S–49S. https://doi.org/10.1177/15394492070270S106
  • Fiese, B. H., Tomcho, T. J., Douglas, M., Josephs, K., Poltrock, S., & Baker, T. (2002). A review of 50 years of research on naturally occurring family routines and rituals: Cause for celebration. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.16.4.381
  • Segal, R. (2004). Family routines and rituals: A context for occupational therapy interventions. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58, 499–508. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.5.499
• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Symbolic actions with spiritual, cultural, or social meaning contributing to the client's identity and reinforcing values and beliefs; have a strong effective component and consists of a collection of events.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1210)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An action or series of actions which holds particular personal, social, cultural, or religious meaning. Although the action(s) may appear to resemble another occupation, they are different due to the symbolic nature they assume for the individual or within the particular sociocultural context. Rituals usually contribute positively to an individual’s health and well-being, but can also interfere with occupational performance and occupational engagement when they consume large amounts of time and effort, or when the symbolism is linked to idiosyncratic belief systems, possibly due to a mental health disorder. Compare habit, routine” (Molineux, 2017)

Roles

• AOTA OTPF4:“For persons: Sets of behaviors expected by society and shaped by culture and context that may be further conceptualized and defined by the client. For groups and populations: Sets of behaviors by the group or population expected by society and shaped by culture and context that may be further conceptualized and defined by the group or population.”  (AOTA, 2020, p. 82)
• Willard and Spackman (2019):“A set of socially agreed-on behavioral expectations, rights, and responsibilities for a specific position or status in a group or in society. These may be further conceptualized and defined by individuals enacting the roles.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1210)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “1. A sociological term for a socially recognized set of behaviours, rights and responsibilities, and obligations. 2. A collection of occupations that an individual engages in due to social expectations.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Harvey, A. and Pentland, W. (2010). What do people do? In C. Christiansen and E. Townsend (Eds.), Introduction to Occupation: The Art and Science of Living (second ed., pp. 101–33). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Role Balance

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Effectively managing the demands associated with numerous roles.” (Molineux, 2017)

Role Blurring

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Lack of clear demarcation between the duties and responsibilities of different roles. While applicable to any roles it is often used to refer to changes in the roles of different professions. It can occur spontaneously or may be deliberate when the domains of concern of different professions are altered.” (Molineux, 2017)

Role Competence

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Ability to fulfil the requirements of a role and thereby meet the expectations of that role.” (Molineux, 2017)

Role Dysfunction

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Difficulties in fulfilling the demands and expectations of a role.” (Molineux, 2017)

Role Loss

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Loss of a role, and potentially the associated occupations, due to, for example, illness, injury, social exclusion, marginalization, or transition.” (Molineux, 2017)

Routines

• AOTA OTPF4:“For persons, groups, and populations: Patterns of behavior that are observable, regular, and repetitive and that provide structure for daily life. They can be satisfying and promoting or damaging. Routines require a momentary time commitment and are embedded in cultural and ecological contexts”  (AOTA, 2020, p. 82)
  • Fiese, B. H., Tomcho, T. J., Douglas, M., Josephs, K., Poltrock, S., & Baker, T. (2002). A review of 50 years of research on naturally occurring family routines and rituals: Cause for celebration. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.16.4.381
  • Segal, R. (2004). Family routines and rituals: A context for occupational therapy interventions. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58, 499–508. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.5.499
• Willard and Spackman (2019):“A type of higher-order habit that involves sequencing and combining processes, procedures, steps, or occupation and provide a structure for daily life.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1210)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A pattern of behaviour that is observable and is repeated on a regular basis. Routines can support health and well-being by providing a structure to occupational performance and occupational engagement, for individuals or groups of people. They can also have negative effects when they dominate an individual’s days and are given priority over other occupations or people. Compare habit, ritual.” (Molineux, 2017)

Sanism

• “Mentalism or sanism describes discrimination and oppression against a mental trait or condition a person has, or is judged to have. This discrimination may or may not be characterized in terms of mental disorder or cognitive impairment. The discrimination is based on numerous factors such as stereotypes about neurodivergence, for example autism, learning disorders, ADHD, FASD, bipolar, schizophrenia, and personality disorders, specific behavioral phenomena such as stuttering and tics, or intellectual disability.
• Like other forms of discrimination such as sexism and racism, mentalism involves multiple intersecting forms of oppression, complex social inequalities and imbalances of power. It can result in covert discrimination by multiple, small insults and indignities. It is characterized by judgments of another person's perceived mental health status. These judgments are followed by actions such as blatant, overt discrimination which may include refusal of service, or the denial of human rights. Mentalism impacts how individuals are treated by the general public, by mental health professionals, and by institutions, including the legal system. The negative attitudes involved may also be internalized.
• The terms mentalism, from "mental", and sanism, from "sane", have become established in some contexts, though concepts such as social stigma, and in some cases ableism, may be used in similar but not identical ways.
• While mentalism and sanism are used interchangeably, sanism is becoming predominant in certain circles, such as academics, those who identify as mad and mad advocates and in a socio-political context where sanism is gaining ground as a movement. The movement of sanism is an act of resistance among those who identify as mad, consumer survivors, and mental health advocates. In academia evidence of this movement can be found in the number of recent publications about sanism and social work practice.
• Mentalism tends to be referred as mental disability, distinguishing itself from ableism, which refers to physical disability.”
  • Wikipedia contributors. (2022, May 18). Sanism. Wikipedia. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanism

Scientific Reasoning

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “1. A particular type of theoretical reasoning that aims to move from the specifics of a particular situation towards general rules and principles which can be applied universally. 2. An aspect of professional reasoning within occupational therapy that is used to understand the disease, illness, or injury and the possible options for intervention. Used in this way it is similar to procedural reasoning or diagnostic reasoning. Compare practical reasoning See also professional reasoning.” (Molineux, 2017)

Self-advocacy

• AOTA OTPF4:“Advocacy for oneself, including making one’s own decisions about life, learning how to obtain information to gain an understanding about issues of personal interest or importance, developing a network of support, knowing one’s rights and responsibilities, reaching out to others when in need of assistance, and learning about self-determination”  (AOTA, 2020, p. 83)

Sexism

• Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “1. prejudice or discrimination based on sex. 2. behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex.”
  • Sexism. (n.d.). In The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sexism

Situated Activities

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“This concept calls for the study of activities in the real-life context and examination of the practices of social institutions were activities occur naturally. To understand situated activities, the practitioner pays special attention to the innovative solutions that unfold as the activities are carried out in a particular context.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1210)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Social Environment/Context

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Particular social features (i.e., social groups and occupational tasks) of the specific context in which one does something that impacts on what one does and how it is done.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1207)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One context within which occupational performance and occupational engagement occur. Social context includes the individuals and groups of people that influence, and are influenced by, occupational performance and occupational engagement. This may be directly because the person is interacting with other people, and/or indirectly because the person is influenced by the expectations of other people.” (Molineux, 2017)

Social Health

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Having a standard of living adequate for health and wellbeing, with equal rights to work, to free choice of employment; to rest, Leisure, and holidays; to participate in the cultural life of a community; to the Arts and scientific advancements; to take part in national government; into education directed to the full development of the human personality.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1212)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Social Inequality

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Unequal rewards and opportunities that accrue to different individuals and groups, particularly rewards and opportunities that are judged to be unfair, unjust, avoidable, and unnecessary; often link to unequal distribution of economic assets and power within a society.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1212)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Social Justice

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Ethical distribution and sharing of resources, rights, and responsibilities between people recognizing their equal worth as citizens.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1212)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A perspective on the development and structure of society and its components that focuses on equality and human rights. Social justice is achieved when all members of society can have human rights recognized and access the benefits of their society so that they can realize their potential. Compare occupational justice” (Molineux, 2017)

Social Model of Disability

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A model which locates the disability experienced by some members of society in the physical and attitudinal aspects of society. For example, this model would suggest that the inability of people who use a wheelchair to access every aspect of their physical environment is caused by a society that permits the physical environment to be structured without thought for people with mobility restrictions. It was proposed in the 1980s as an alternative to a medical model of disability that was criticized for locating the cause of disability within the person. Occupational therapists have generally been supportive of this way of viewing people with disabilities as it draws attention to environmental influences on occupational performance and occupational engagement. Although more congruent with occupational therapy, it is not an occupational model and so should not be used in place of an occupational perspective of humans and health.” (Molineux, 2017)

Social Participation

• AOTA OTPF4:“Interweaving of occupations to support desired engagement in community and family activities as well as those involving peers and friends.” “Involvement in a subset of activities that incorporate social situations with others and that support social interdependence”  (AOTA, 2020, p. 83)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
  • Bedell, G. M. (2012). Measurement of social participation. In V. Anderson & M. H. Beauchamp (Eds.), Developmental social neuroscience and childhood brain insult: Theory and practice (pp. 184–206). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Magasi, S., & Hammel, J. (2004). Social support and social network mobilization in African American woman who have experienced strokes. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24 (4). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v24i4.878
• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Involvement in a subset of activities that involve social interactions with others and that support social interdependence; organized patterns of behavior that are characteristic and expected of an individual or a given position within a social system and encompasses the individual's engagement with family, peers, and friends, and community members.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1212)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Social Structures

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Distinctive, stable arrangements of Institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1212)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Specialize

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “One of ten enablement skills used by occupational therapists which involves the use of specialist techniques when they are relevant to that particular situation. Examples include positioning, neurodevelopmental techniques, psychosocial interventions, ergonomic techniques, hand therapy, and sensory integration.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Townsend, E. and Polatajko, H. (Eds.). (2013). Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (second ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.

Spirituality

• AOTA OTPF4:“Deep experience of meaning brought about by engaging in occupations that involve the enacting of personal values and beliefs, reflection, and intention within a supportive contextual environment. It is important to recognize spirituality as dynamic and often evolving” (AOTA, 2020, p. 83)
  • Billock, C. (2005). Delving into the center: Women’s lived experience of spirituality through occupation (Publication No. AAT 3219812) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California]. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Humbert, T. K. (2016). Addressing spirituality in occupational therapy. In T. K. Humbert (Ed.), Spirituality and occupational therapy: A model for practice and research. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press.
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An aspect of human existence which is characterized by an individual’s search for meaning and to answer fundamental questions about right and wrong, and the origin and purpose of life. For some, spirituality will have a religious form but it might also be secular or sacred. The impact of spirituality on occupation has gained increasing attention in occupational therapy and is, for example, the central element of the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • Unruh, A., Versnel, J., and Kerr, N. (2004). Spirituality in the context of occupation: A theory to practice application. In M. Molineux (Ed.), Occupation for Occupational Therapists (pp. 32–45). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Symbolic Meaning

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “Significance attributed to an object or experience, such as an occupation, that goes beyond the literal and obvious. For example, cooking a meal for a loved one might symbolize an individual’s desire to care for their partner, and as such it goes beyond the obvious purpose of preparing food for sustenance. It has been suggested that the human ability and tendency to attribute meaning to occupation is what distinguishes them from other species.” (Molineux, 2017)
• Willard and Spackman (2019):“A deep experience of meaning brought about by engaging and occupations that involve the enacting personal values and beliefs, reflection, and intention within a supportive contextual environment.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1213)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Systems Approach

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Views the properties of the “whole”, or system, as a rising from interactions and relationships among the parts.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1214)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Theory

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An organized body of concepts and relationships that seeks to explain and predict a phenomenon.” (Molineux, 2017)

Therapeutic Use of Self

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Planned use of practitioners personality, insights, perceptions, and judgments as part of the therapeutic process.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1214)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Time-space Routine

• Willard and Spackman (2019):“Sets of more or less habitual bodily actions extending through a considerable portion of time, for example, a getting-up routine, a going-to-the-gym routine, or a going-to-church-and-lunch routine; see also body subject and body routines.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1214)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Time Use 

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A field of social science research concerned with how humans allocate their time during parts of the day, whole days, or longer periods of time. It is of interest to occupational therapists as it provides a useful insight into the time people spend engaging in occupations. The activity configuration is one occupational therapy assessment that captures rudimentary time use data.” (Molineux, 2017)

Top-Down Approach

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to occupational therapy intervention which focuses on occupational performance and occupational engagement. Assessment therefore focuses first on identifying occupational issues, and then as necessary determines their causes, whether they be components or contexts. Treatment is planned so that occupational performance and occupational engagement are improved by involving the client in occupations. These occupations may be graded or adapted, so that the underlying causes of the occupational issues are addressed. It can be argued that a top-down approach is more consistent with the philosophy of occupational therapy, the Contemporary Paradigm, and occupation-based practice.” (Molineux, 2017)

Transaction

• AOTA OTPF4:“Process that involves two or more individuals or elements that reciprocally and continually influence and affect one another through the ongoing relationship” (AOTA, 2020, p. 83)
  • Dickie, V., Cutchin, M., & Humphry, R. (2006). Occupation as transactional experience: A critique of individualism in occupational science. Journal of Occupational Science, 13, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2006.9686573

Transactional Perspective of Occupations

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Offered as an alternative to individualism that presumes the person is separate from life situations; a transactional way of thinking sees interrelated elements where occupations forms relationships between the person and life situations. The idea is compatible with contextualism”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1214)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Transactional Process

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Where people. the physical space, time, and objects interconnect to form a functional whole”  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1214)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Translational Science

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Theory-driven research focused on developing practice applications that resolve people's real-world needs.  (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1215)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Transdisciplinary Team

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A group of people with different professional backgrounds working together, usually to provide health care services, but it can also be applied to research teams. Although the expertise of each profession is recognized, the team actively shares knowledge and expertise so that each person can support the client(s) in addressing goals that might fall outside the traditional remit of that team member’s profession. It is similar to an interdisciplinary team except that the professional boundaries are even less well defined in a transdisciplinary team.” (Molineux, 2017)

Universal Design

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Also called “inclusive design” and “lifespan design”; design of environments and products to be usable by all people to the greatest extent possible without the need for special arrangements or adaptation; intended to simplify life for everyone by making products, communications, and the built environment more usable by as many people as possible at little or no extra cost.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1215)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “An approach to the design of products, buildings, and public spaces that enables the participation of all members of society, regardless of size, age, or health condition. Universal design has seven principles: equitable use, flexible use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, and size and space for approach and use.” (Molineux, 2017)
  • http://www.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/ Center for Universal Design

Values

• AOTA OTPF4:“Acquired beliefs and commitments, derived from culture, about what is good, right, and important to do ” (AOTA, 2020, p. 84)
  • Kielhofner, G. (2008). The Model of Human Occupation: Theory and application (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Principles, standards, or qualities considered worthwhile by the client who holds them.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1215)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Volition

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Pattern of thoughts and feelings about oneself as an actor in one's world that occurs as one anticipates, chooses, experiences, and interprets what one does.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1215)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Well-being

• AOTA OTPF4:“General term encompassing the total universe of human life domains, including physical, mental, and social aspects, that make up what can be called a ‘good life” (AOTA, 2020, p. 84)
  • World Health Organization. (2006). Constitution of the World Health Organization (45th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/governance/eb/ who_constitution_en.pdf
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Implies that basic survival needs are met and encompasses ideas such as health, happiness, and prosperity.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1215)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A holistic view of the health of individuals and groups of people that goes beyond a biomedical perspective and includes multiple dimensions such as physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental. It is generally used to refer to a subjective experience rather than a state that can be readily measured objectively. As such it can also capture a person’s sense of how well they feel their life is at a point in time.” (Molineux, 2017)

Wellness

• AOTA OTPF4: “The individual’s perception of and responsibility for psychological and physical well-being as these contribute to overall satisfaction with one’s life situation” (AOTA, 2020, p. 84)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
• Willard and Spackman (2019): “The individual's perception of and responsibility for psychological and physical well-being as these contribute to overall satisfaction with one's life situation. There's also the outcome of health promotion.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1215)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

White-Supremacy

• Marriam-Webster Dictionary: “1. The belief that the white race is inherently superior to other races and that white people should have control over people of other races.
• 2. The social, economic, and political systems that collectively enable white people to maintain power over people of other races.”
  • White-supremacy. (n.d.). In The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/white%20supremacy

Work

• AOTA OTPF4:“Labor or exertion related to the development, production, delivery, or management of objects or services; benefits may be financial or nonfinancial (e.g., social connectedness, contributions to society, adding structure and routine to daily life” (AOTA, 2020, p. 84)
  • Christiansen, C. H., & Townsend, E. A. (2010). Introduction to occupation: The art and science of living (2nd ed.). Cranbury, NJ: Pearson Education.
  • Dorsey, J., Ehrenfried, H., Finch, D., & Jaegers, L. (2019). Work. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed., pp. 779–804). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Work-Life Balance

• Oxford Dictionary of OS & OT: “A state of equilibrium between the demands of work and other aspects of life, typically leisure occupations. Although there has been interest in the split between work and non-work since the Industrial Revolution, the latter decades of the twentieth century saw increasing attention given to a perceived need to achieve a balance between work and non-work. An understanding of the complexity of occupation is absent from the largely psychological literature. An occupational perspective is that because occupations have meaning that is unique to each individual it is inappropriate to impose expectations on what aspects of life should be balanced. Instead it is more appropriate to consider balance from the perspective of the individual. Some might strive for balance between occupations they must do and those they choose to do. Others might consider balance over months or a year, rather than days or weeks. Compare Occupational Balance” (Molineux, 2017

Worldview

• Willard and Spackman (2019): “Cognitive, perceptual, and effective maps developed throughout a lifetime through socialization, which are used to make sense of the social landscape and develop goals.” (Schell & Gillen, 2019, p. 1215)
  • Schell, B. A. B., & Gillen, G. (2019). Glossary. In B. A. B. Schell & G. Gillen (Eds.), Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (13th ed. pp. 1191–1215). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer